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• Python os.walk The os.walk function retrieves a list of files contained within a tree. The method iterates over each directory in a tree. Then, os.walk returns the name of every file and folder within a directory and any of its subdirectories. The syntax for the os.walk method is as follows.

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Using the installer script and the setup command is the fastest way to get up and running with the CLI.

Installing the CLI

The installer script automatically installs the CLI and its dependencies, Python and virtualenv. Before running the installer, be sure you meet the Requirements.

Factual error: When the song 'Walk the Line' is first being played in the studio during the montage, the guitar player hits a high note on the E string (the thick top string). His fingers were not low enough to play that high of a note on the E string.

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Linux and Unix (Including Oracle Linux 8)

1. Open a terminal.

2. To run the installer script, run the following command.

   Note
   To run a 'silent' install that accepts all default values with no prompts, use the --accept-all-defaults parameter.
3. Respond to the Installation Script Prompts.

Oracle Linux 7

If you're using Oracle Linux 7, you can use yum to install the CLI.

To use yum to install the CLI:

The CLI will be installed to the Python site packages:

• /usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/oci_cli
• /usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/services

Documentation and examples will be installed in the /usr/share/doc/python36-oci-cli-<version>/ directory.

To uninstall the CLI:

Mac OS X

You can use Homebrew to install, upgrade, and uninstall the CLI on Mac OS.

To install the CLI on Mac OS X with Homebrew:

To upgrade your CLI install on Mac OS X using Homebrew:

To uninstall the CLI on Mac OS X using Homebrew:

Windows

1. Open the PowerShell console using the Run as Administrator option.

2. The installer enables auto-complete by installing and running a script. To allow this script to run, you must enable the RemoteSigned execution policy.

   To configure the remote execution policy for PowerShell, run the following command.

3. Download the installer script:
4. Run the installer script with or without prompts:
   1. To run the installer script with prompts, run the following command:

      ...and respond to the Installation Script Prompts.

   2. To run the installer script without prompting the user, accepting the default settings, run the following command:

Installation Script Prompts

The installation script prompts you for the following information.

• If you do not have a compatible version of Python installed:
  • Windows and Linux: You are prompted to provide a location for installing the binaries and executables. The script will install Python for you.
  • MacOS: You are notified that your version of Python is incompatible. You must upgrade before you can proceed with the installation. The script will not install Python for you.
• When prompted to upgrade the CLI to the newest version, respond with Y to overwrite an existing installation.
• When prompted to update your PATH, respond with Y to be able to invoke the CLI without providing the full path to the executable. This will add oci.exe to your PATH.

The os and sys modules provide numerous tools to deal with filenames, paths, directories. The os module contains two sub-modules os.sys (same as sys) and os.path that are dedicated to the system and directories; respectively.

Whenever possible, you should use the functions provided by these modules for file, directory, and path manipulations. These modules are wrappers for platform-specific modules, so functions like os.path.split work on UNIX, Windows, Mac OS, and any other platform supported by Python.

See also

These shutil, tempfile, glob modules from the Python documentation.

7.1. Quick start¶

You can build multi-platform path using the proper separator symbol:

7.2. Functions¶

The os module has lots of functions. We will not cover all of them thoroughly but this could be a good start to use the module.

7.2.1. Manipulating Directories¶

The getcwd() function returns the current directory (in unicode format with getcwdu() ).

The current directory can be changed using chdir():

The listdir() function returns the content of a directory. Note, however, that it mixes directories and files.

The mkdir() function creates a directory. It returns an error if the parent directory does not exist. If you want to create the parent directory as well, you should rather use makedirs():

Once created, you can delete an empty directory with rmdir():

You can remove all directories within a directory (if there are not empty) by using os.removedirs().

If you want to delete a non-empty directory, use shutil.rmtree() (with cautious).

7.2.2. Removing a file¶

To remove a file, use os.remove(). It raise the OSError exception if the file cannot be removed. Under Linux, you can also use os.unlink().

7.2.3. Renaming files or directories¶

You can rename a file from an old name to a new one by using os.rename(). See also os.renames().

7.2.4. Permission¶

you can change the mode of a file using chmod(). See also chown, chroot, fchmod, fchown.

The os.access() verifies the access permission specified in the mode argument. Returns 1 if the access is granted, 0 otherwise. The mode can be:

You can change the mask of a file using the the os.umask() function. The mask is just a number that summarises the permissions of a file:

7.2.5. Using more than one process¶

On Unix systems, os.fork() tells the computer to copy everything about the currently running program into a newly created program that is separated, but almost entirely identical. The newly created process is the child process and gets the data and code of the parent process. The child process gets a process number known as pid. The parent and child processes are independent.

The following code works on Unix and Unix-like systems only:

Here, the fork is zithin the executed script but ,ost of the time; you would require the

One of the most common things to do after an os.fork call is to call os.execl immediately afterwardto run another program. os.execl is an instruction to replace the running program with a new program, so the calling program goes away, and a new program appears in its place:

The os.wait function instructs Python that you want the parent to not do anything until the child process returns. It is very useful to know how this works because it works well only under Unix and Unix-like platforms such as Linux. Windows also has a mechanism for starting up new processes.To make the common task of starting a new program easier, Python offers a single family of functions that combines os.fork and os.exec on Unix-like systems, and enables you to do something similar on Windows platforms. When you want to just start up a new program, you can use the os.spawn family of functions.

The different between the different spawn versions:

• v requires a list/vector os parameters. This allows a command to be run with very different commands from one instance to the next without needing to alter the program at all.
• l requires a simple list of parameters.
• e requires a dictionary containing names and values to replace the current environment.
• p requires the value of the PATH key in the environment dictionary to find the program. The

p variants are available only on Unix-like platforms. The least of what this means is that on Windowsyour programs must have a completely qualified path to be usable by the os.spawn calls, or you have tosearch the path yourself:

The exec function comes in different flavours:

• execl(path, args) or execle(path, args, env) env is a dict with env variables.
• exexp(file; a1; a2, a3) or exexp(file; a1; a2, a3, env)

todo

The os.walk() function allows to recursively scan a directory and obtain tuples containing tuples of (dirpath, dirnames, filename) where dirnames is a list of directories found in dirpath, and filenames the list of files found in dirpath.

Alternatevely, the os.path.walk can also be used but works in a different way (see below).

7.2.6. user id and processes¶

• os.getuid() returns the current process’s user id.
• os.getgid() returns the current process’s group id.
• os.geteuid() and os.getegid() returns the effective user id and effective group id
• os.getpid() returns the current process id
• os.getppid() returns the parent’s process id

7.3. Cross platform os attributes¶

An alternative character used by the OS to separate pathame components is provided by os.altsep().

The os.curdir() refers to the current directory. . for unix and windows and : for Mac OS.

Another multi-platform function that could be useful is the line separator. Indeed the final character that ends a line is coded differently under Linux, Windows and MAC. For instance under Linux, it is the n character but you may have r or rn. Using the os.linesep() guarantees to use a universal line_ending character.

The os.uname gives more information about your system:

The function os.name() returns the OS-dependent module (e.g., posix, doc, mac,...)

The function os.pardir() refers to the parent directory (.. for unix and windows and :: for Mac OS).

The os.pathsep() function (also found in os.path.sep()) returns the correct path separator for your system (slash / under Linux and backslash under Windows).

Finally, the os.sep() is the character that separates pathname components (/ for Unix, for windows and : for Mac OS). It is also available in os.path.sep()

Another function that is related to multi-platform situations is the os.path.normcase() thatis useful under Windows where the OS ignore cases. So, to compare two filenames you will need this function.

7.3.1. More about directories and files¶

os.path provides methods to extract information about path and file names:

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You can access to the time when a file was last modified. Nevertheless, the output is not friendly user. Under Unix it corresponds to the time since the Jan 1, 1970 (GMT) and under Mac OS since Jan 1, 1904 (GMT)Use the time moduleto make it easier to read:

The output is not really meaningful since it is expressed in seconds. You can use the time module to get a better layout of that time:

Similarly, the function os.path.getatime() returns the last access time of a file and os.path.getctime() the metadata change time of a file.

Finally, you can get a all set of information using os.stat() such as file’s size, access time and so on. The stat() returns a tuple of numbers, which give you information about a file (or directory).

There are other similar function os.lstat() for symbolic links, os.fstat() for file descriptor

You can determine is a path is a mount point using os.ismount(). Under unix, it checks if a path or file is mounted on an other device (e.g. an external hard disk).

7.3.2. Splitting paths¶

To get the base name of a path (last component):

To get the directory name of a path, use os.path.dirname():

The os.path.abspath() returns the absolute path of a file:

In summary, consider a file temp.txt in /home/user:

Split the basename and directory name in one function call using os.path.split(). The split function only splits off the last part of a component. In order to split off all parts, you need to write your own function:

Note

the path should not end with ‘/’, otherwise the name is empty.

os.path.split(‘/home/user’) is not the same as os.path.split(‘/home/user/’)

The os.path.splitext() function splits off the extension of a file:

For windows users, you can use the os.splitdrive() that returns a tuple with 2 strings, there first one being the drive.

Conversely, the join method allows to join several directory name to create a full path name:

os.path.walk() scan a directory recursively and apply a function of each item found (see also os.walk() above):

7.4. Accessing environment variables¶

You can easily acecss to the environmental variables:

and if you know what you are doing, you can add or replace a variable:

7.5. sys module¶

When starting a Python shell, Python provides 3 file objects called stadnard input, stadn output and standard error.There are accessible via the sys module:

The sys.argv is used to retrieve user argument when your module is executable.

Another useful attribute in the sys.path that tells you where Python is searching for modules on your system. see Module for more details.

7.5.1. Information¶

• sys.platform returns the platform version (e.g., linux2)
• sys.version returns the python version
• sys.version_info returns a named tuple

The sys.modules attribute returns list of all the modules that have been imported so far in your environment.

7.5.2. recursion¶

See the Functions section to know more about recursions. You can limit the number of recursions and know about the number itself using the sys.getrecursionlimit() and sys.setrecursionlimit() functions.